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Fiber-optic Networking Technologies

Fiber-optic Networking Technologies

Network connections that traditionally carried Ti and T3 speeds of data now require fiber channel, Enterprise System Connection (ESCON), gigabit Ethernet, and 10 gigabit Ethernet to satisfy demand. The increased demand coupled with the advances in optical technology has dramatically increased capacity and reduced cost, making it attractive for service providers to offer fiber-based network services for the metro market.

Fiber-optic networks can carry large amounts of multiple types of services simultaneously. They can also provide connectivity between LANs, access to WANs, and consolidation of storage area networking/network attached storage (SAN/NAS) applications.

Optical networking uses pulses of light to transmit data over fiber-optic cables. These pulses of light are subject to degradation as they travel down the fiber but in general, the deterioration is less than that of copper, so fiber signals can travel much further.

Metro fiber optics networks have a range of 20 to 250 km. You can deploy them as point-to-point, ring, and mesh topologies. The four main protocols are Optical Ethernet, course wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM), dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), and synchronous optical network (SONET).

Optical Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet is the simplest and least expensive form of optical transport. Optical Ethernet uses a device called a Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC), which plugs into a switch port and converts an Ethernet stream to an optical signal. Ethernet can leverage the growing service-provider metro Ethernet infrastructure or dark fiber.

CWDM
CWDM uses wavelength-specific pairs of GBICs to combine up to eight optical signals onto a single fiber.

Each switch pair is fitted with one or more pairs of GBICs. Each GBIC pair is tuned to a specific frequency, which allows the switch to add in (multiplex) or pluck out (demultiplex) a single beam of light (data stream).

You can deploy CWDM as ring or point to point. One major drawback to CWDM is that it cannot be amplified, which limits the distance. The rule-of-thumb maximum distance is 80 km for point to point or a ring circumference of 30 km.

DWDM
DWDM uses the same multiplexing scheme as CWDM. DWDM signals, however, are spaced more closely together, allowing DWDM systems to multiplex up to 32 signals on a single fiber.

DWDM signals can be amplified, making the system ideal for backup data centers or larger (more geographically dispersed) campuses. With amplification, DWDM signals can transmit up to 250 km.

SONET
SONET is a Layer 1 technology that supports the high transmission rates (155 Mps to 10 Gps) needed in metro applications.

SONET serves as a transport for other technologies such as Ethernet and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). Service providers commonly use it for transport (metro and long haul). SONET also has extensive operation, administrative, maintenance, and provisioning (OAMP) capabilities, allowing precise fault detection and rapid (50 ms) failover.

Fiber Basics
The two types of optic fiber are multimode and single-mode.

With multimode fiber, light propagates in the form of multiple wavelengths, each taking a slightly "different" path. Multimode fiber appears primarily in systems with short transmission distances (under 2 km).

In single-mode fiber, light can propagate in only one mode. Single-mode fiber usually appears in long-distance and high-bandwidth applications.

Key Design Criteria
Optical signals are subject to deterioration as they travel down fibers in the form of attenuation, dispersion and nonlinearities, chromatic distortion, and polarization mode distortion. These factors limit the distance and bandwidth of optic signals:

  • Attenuation - Loss of power over distance. In some cases, amplifiers can boost power.
  • Dispersion and nonlinearities - Distance and speed erode signal clarity.
  • Chromatic distortion - Spreading of the signal over distance. This spreading can cause signals to interfere with each other.
  • Polarization mode distortion - At 10 Gb rates and highei signals tend to broaden as they travel down the fibei causing intersignal interference.

Multiplexing
Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple signals over a single wire, fibei or link. Time-division multiplexing (TDM) brings in lower-speed signals assigns them time slots, and places them into a higher-speed serial output. The receiving end reconstructs the signals.

One of the properties of light is that light waves of different wavelengths do not interfere with one another within a medium. Because of this property, each individual wavelength of light can represent a different channel of information. Combining light pulses of different wavelengths, many channels can transmit across a single fiber simultaneously. This process is wave-division multiplexing (WDM).




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